Map of the synapses onto layer 4 basket cells of the primary visual cortex of the cat

1997 ◽  
Vol 380 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bashir Ahmed ◽  
John C. Anderson ◽  
Kevan A.C. Martin ◽  
J. Charmaine Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Basket Cells ◽  
Layer 4

scholarly journals Layer 4 in Primary Visual Cortex of the Awake Rabbit: Contrasting Properties of Simple Cells and Putative Feedforward Inhibitory Interneurons

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (28) ◽  
pp. 11372-11389 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Zhuang ◽  
C. R. Stoelzel ◽  
Y. Bereshpolova ◽  
J. M. Huff ◽  
X. Hei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Inhibitory Interneurons ◽  
Simple Cells ◽  
Layer 4

Man's Triune Conscious Mind: Part III

1995 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 463-466
Author(s):  
Carl G. Aurell
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Conscious Mind ◽  
Perceptual Model ◽  
Cortex Area ◽  
Layer 4

The perceptual model, discussed previously in Part II, is applied to the organization of the visual cortex in a search for “consciousness neurons,” i.e., sources of sensations, images, and percepts. It is hypothesized that these three conscious phenomena emerge in the primary visual cortex, Area VI, possibly from neurons in its Layer 4.

scholarly journals Vision reconstructs the cellular composition of binocular circuitry during the critical period

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liming Tan ◽  
Elaine Tring ◽  
Dario L. Ringach ◽  
S. Lawrence Zipursky ◽  
Joshua T. Trachtenberg
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Receptive Field ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Cellular Composition ◽  
Feature Detectors ◽  
Layer 2 ◽  
Layer 4 ◽  
High Acuity ◽  
Longitudinal Imaging

AbstractHigh acuity binocularity is established in primary visual cortex during an early postnatal critical period. In contrast to current models for the developmental of binocular neurons, we find that the binocular network present at the onset of the critical period is dismantled and remade. Using longitudinal imaging of receptive field tuning (e.g. orientation selectivity) of thousands of layer 2/3 neurons through development, we show most binocular neurons present at critical-period onset are poorly tuned and rendered monocular. These are replenished by newly formed binocular neurons that are established by a vision-dependent recruitment of well-tuned ipsilateral inputs to contralateral monocular neurons with matched tuning properties. The binocular network in layer 4 is equally unstable but does not improve. Thus, vision instructs a new and more sharply tuned binocular network in layer 2/3 by exchanging one population of neurons for another and not by refining an extant network.One Sentence SummaryUnstable binocular circuitry is transformed by vision into a network of highly tuned complex feature detectors in the cortex.

Age-Dependent Decline in Supragranular Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity by Increased Inhibition During the Critical Period in the Rat Primary Visual Cortex

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 269-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyun-Jong Jang ◽  
Kwang-Hyun Cho ◽  
Hyun-Sok Kim ◽  
Sang June Hahn ◽  
Myung-Suk Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Critical Period ◽  
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Layer 4 ◽  
Old Rats ◽  
Synaptic Model

Supragranular long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD) are continuously induced in the pathway from layer 4 during the critical period in the rodent primary visual cortex, which limits the use of supragranular long-term synaptic plasticity as a synaptic model for the mechanism of ocular dominance (OD) plasticity. The results of the present study demonstrate that the pulse duration of extracellular stimulation to evoke a field potential (FP) is critical to induction of LTP and LTD in this pathway. LTP and LTD were induced in the pathway from layer 4 to layer 2/3 in slices from 3-wk-old rats when FPs were evoked by 0.1- and 0.2-ms pulses. LTP and LTD were induced in slices from 5-wk-old rats when evoked by stimulation with a 0.2-ms pulse but not by stimulation with a 0.1-ms pulse. Both the inhibitory component of FP and the inhibitory/excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitude ratio evoked by stimulation with a 0.1-ms pulse were greater than the values elicited by a 0.2-ms pulse. Stimulation with a 0.1-ms pulse at various intensities that showed the similar inhibitory FP component with the 0.2-ms pulse induced both LTD and LTP in 5-wk-old rats. Thus extracellular stimulation with shorter-duration pulses at higher intensity resulted in greater inhibition than that observed with longer-duration pulses at low intensity. This increased inhibition might be involved in the age-dependent decline of synaptic plasticity during the critical period. These results provide an alternative synaptic model for the mechanism of OD plasticity.

scholarly journals The Connections of Layer 4 Subdivisions in the Primary Visual Cortex (V1) of the Owl Monkey

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 644-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Boyd ◽  
J. A. Mavity-Hudson ◽  
V. A. Casagrande
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Owl Monkey ◽  
Layer 4

scholarly journals Transneuronal Retinal Projections to V1 Form “Minicolumns” in Layer 1: Comparison with Projections to Layer 4 in Normal and Visually Deprived Long Evans Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Olavarria ◽  
Adrian K. Andelin ◽  
Robyn J. Laing
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
Visual Deprivation ◽  
Monocular Deprivation ◽  
Layer 4 ◽  
Contralateral Projection ◽  
Projection Pattern ◽  
Long Evans

Lattice-like patterns in layer 1 (L1) of primary visual cortex (V1) of mice have been demonstrated following injections of tracers into the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus (Ji et al., 2015). To distinguish the ipsilateral and contralateral components of this projection, we made unilateral intravitreal injections of the transneuronal tracer WGA-HRP in Long Evans rats, a strain in which projections to L4 form ocular dominance columns (ODCs, Laing et al., 2015). We have shown that ODCs form by postnatal day 10 (P10), and that they are susceptible to monocular enucleation and monocular deprivation by eyelid suture during development (Olavarria et al., 2021). We now show that lattice-like patterns in L1 are also visible by P10, but unlike the normal contralateral projection to L4, which does not encroach into ipsilateral eye territory, the contralateral projections to layer 1 in P10 and adult normal rats are distributed throughout V1, including ipsilateral eye territories. Moreover, this pattern does not change in visually deprived rats, suggesting that L1 projections are not susceptible to visual deprivation as L4 projections are. Notably, contralateral projections to L4 in visually deprived rats do encroach into ipsilateral eye territory, resembling the projection pattern in L1. Together, these observations suggest that geniculate projections to L1 or L4 differ not only in the cues guiding their target selection, but also in cues determining their distribution within V1, and the way they respond to visual deprivation during development.

scholarly journals Visual physiology of the Layer 4 cortical circuitin silico

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Arkhipov ◽  
Nathan W. Gouwens ◽  
Yazan N. Billeh ◽  
Sergey Gratiy ◽  
Ramakrishnan Iyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Quantitative Agreement ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Model And Simulation ◽  
Layer 4 ◽  
Detailed Circuit

ABSTRACTDespite advances in experimental techniques and accumulation of large datasets concerning the composition and properties of the cortex, quantitative modeling of cortical circuits under in-vivo-like conditions remains challenging. Here we report and publicly release a biophysically detailed circuit model of layer 4 in the mouse primary visual cortex, receiving thalamo-cortical visual inputs. The 45,000-neuron model was subjected to a battery of visual stimuli, and results were compared to published work and new in vivo experiments. Simulations reproduced a variety of observations, including effects of optogenetic perturbations. Critical to the agreement between responses in silico and in vivo were the rules of functional synaptic connectivity between neurons. Interestingly, after extreme simplification the model still performed satisfactorily on many measurements, although quantitative agreement with experiments suffered. These results emphasize the importance of functional rules of cortical wiring and enable a next generation of data-driven models of in vivo neural activity and computations.AUTHOR SUMMARYHow can we capture the incredible complexity of brain circuits in quantitative models, and what can such models teach us about mechanisms underlying brain activity? To answer these questions, we set out to build extensive, bio-realistic models of brain circuitry employing systematic datasets on brain structure and function. Here we report the first modeling results of this project, focusing on the layer 4 of the primary visual cortex (V1) of the mouse. Our simulations reproduced a variety of experimental observations in a large battery of visual stimuli. The results elucidated circuit mechanisms determining patters of neuronal activity in layer 4 – in particular, the roles of feedforward thalamic inputs and specific patterns of intracortical connectivity in producing tuning of neuronal responses to the orientation of motion. Simplification of neuronal models led to specific deficiencies in reproducing experimental data, giving insights into how biological details contribute to various aspects of brain activity. To enable future development of more sophisticated models, we make the software code, the model, and simulation results publicly available.

scholarly journals Subcortical source and modulation of the narrowband gamma oscillation in mouse visual cortex

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aman B Saleem ◽  
Anthony D Lien ◽  
Michael Krumin ◽  
Bilal Haider ◽  
Miroslav Román Rosón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Field Potential ◽  
Gamma Oscillation ◽  
Visual Contrast ◽  
Lateral Geniculate ◽  
Gamma Rhythm ◽  
Layer 4

SummaryPrimary visual cortex (V1) exhibits two types of gamma rhythm: broadband activity in the 30–90 Hz range, and a narrowband oscillation seen in mice at frequencies close to 60 Hz. We investigated the sources of the narrowband gamma oscillation, the factors modulating its strength, and its relationship to broadband gamma activity. Narrowband and broadband gamma power were uncorrelated. Increasing visual contrast had opposite effects on the two rhythms: it increased broadband activity, but suppressed the narrowband oscillation. The narrowband oscillation was strongest in layer 4, and was mediated primarily by excitatory currents entrained by the synchronous, rhythmic firing of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The power and peak frequency of the narrowband gamma oscillation increased with light intensity. Silencing the cortex optogenetically did not affect narrowband oscillation in either LGN firing or cortical excitatory currents, suggesting that this oscillation reflects unidirectional flow of signals from thalamus to cortex.Highlights•Local field potential in mouse primary visual cortex exhibits a pronounced narrowband gamma oscillation close to 60 Hz.•Narrowband gamma is highest in the thalamorecipient layer 4•Narrowband gamma increases with light intensity and arousal state, and is suppressed by visual contrast.•Lateral geniculate nucleus neurons fire synchronously at the narrowband gamma frequency, independent of V1 activity.

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